After the War, Barth said that no other major institution--university, judicial, social, etc.--offered significant resistance to the Reich. He also commented on the limitations of the Barmen Declaration:
"Even it (the Barmen Declaration) was not a total resistance against totalitarian National Socialism. It restricted itself to repelling the encroachment of National Socialism. It confined itself to the Church’s Confession, to the Church service, and to the Church order as such. It was only a partial resistance. And for this it has been properly and improperly reproached… In proportion to its task, the church has sufficient reason to be ashamed that it did not do more; yet in comparison with those other groups and institutions it has no reason to be ashamed; it accomplished far more than all the rest" (cited from Jack Rogers, Presbyterian Creeds, 191)